RETINA DISEASES

I. AGRICULTURAL MECHANISM

Age-related macular degeneration (macular degeneration) is the leading cause of irreversible severe vision loss. The incidence of degeneration increases with age.

The two main types of EEOs are:

  • The atrophic (non-exudative – dry type), which develops slowly and corresponds to 90% of the cases of patients with EHD.
  • Exudative (liquid type), which is destructive and in some cases central vision can be lost within a few days.

Symptoms:

  • Metamorphosis (deformation)
  • Blurred vision
  • Killings (small areas of vision loss)

Diagnosis:

  • Visual acuity control
  • Amsler panel test
  • Examination of the slit lamp
  • Examination of the seabed under mydriasis
  • Fluoroangiography

Treatment:

  • Anti-VEGF injections
  • Laser photocoagulation on parietal membranes
  • Surgical displacement of extensive hypochondriac haemorrhages

  

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II. RETIREMENT REMOVAL

Retinal detachment is the ocular condition in which the retina detaches from the underlying layers of the eye. The retina does not work when it is detached and vision is blurred. Retinal detachment is a serious problem and almost always causes blindness if not treated in time.

Almost all patients with detachment need to undergo immediate surgery in order for the retina to return to its normal position. There are several surgical techniques that can be applied. The decision as to which technique to apply, as well as whether it will be performed under local or general anesthesia, depends on the characteristics of the detachment.

There are 3 types of retinal detachment:

  • Cracked (most common type of detachment)
  • Exudative
  • Attractive

Symptoms:

Photopsies, myopias, loss of vision like a wall or curtain.

Diagnosis:

  • Slit lamp rating
  • Dredging under mydriasis
  • Examination of the posterior vitreous
  • B-scan ultrasound in turbid media

Treatment:

  • Argon Laser retinal photocoagulation (prophylactic treatment)
  • Pneumatic retin coagulation (with air and cryocoagulation)
  • Scleral graft and cryopreservation
  • Vitrectomy

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RETINAL DETACHMENT WITH MULTIPLE BREAKS

 

RETINAL DETACHMENT

III. VITREOUS DETACHMENT

The vitreous is the part between the crystalline lens of the eye and the retina. With age the vitreous degenerates, liquefies and can come off the back of the eye. This is called posterior vitreous detachment. It is a very common and usually harmless condition.

Symptoms:

  • Photopsies
  • Myopia

Symptoms that may indicate a more serious problem are:

  • Sudden decrease in vision along with flashes and flies
  • Veil or curtain that obstructs part or all of the vision
  • Sudden increase in the number of myopia (flies)

Diagnosis:

Examination of the slit lamp and dredging under mydriasis to determine the presence of retinal cracks.

Treatment:

  • No medication is indicated.
  • Argon Laser Envelopment [if suspicious areas of the retina are found during the examination (degeneration – holes – cracks) then an Argon Laser photocoagulation can be done to prevent retinal detachment (RD)].

IV. OPH OCHRAS

The macular hole is usually felt in one eye by the patient when he accidentally closes the other eye.
Visual acuity is usually reduced by up to 1/10.

Treatment:

Glass resection and gas blowing.

Postoperative:

The patient should remain face down (3-5 days).
Hole healing is achieved in 80% of cases with regression of the central killing and significant improvement of visual acuity.

Rare Complications:

  • Retinal detachment
  • Acceleration of the evolution of the waterfall
  • Endophthalmitis

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ΧΕΙΡΟΥΡΓΙΚΗ ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΣΗ ΥΑΛΟΕΙΔΟΩΧΡΙΚΗΣ ΕΛΞΗΣ ΜΕ ΣΥΝΟΔΟ ΟΠΗ ΩΧΡΑΣ

ΑΝΤΙΜΕΤΩΠΙΣΗ ΥΑΛΟΕΙΔΟΩΧΡΙΚΗΣ ΕΛΞΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΠΗ  

V. RETIREMENT MEMBRANE (ERM)

The idiopathic retinal membrane mainly affects healthy other elderly people.
The clinical appearance of retinal membranes depends on their density and the possible coexistence of retinal vascular deformity.
It is distinguished in paleness due to cellophane, which is relatively mild and in its most severe form, macula pucker.

A. Pallor due to cellophane

  • Patients may be asymptomatic or report slight metamorphosis.
  • Visual acuity is normal or slightly reduced.

B. Macular degeneration

Metamorphosis and reduction of central visual acuity to 5/10 or less, depending on severity, are reported.

Treatment:

Surgical removal of the epicardial membrane by vitrectomy. Visual acuity improves by at least 2/10 compared to preoperative measurement and there is a significant remission of metamorphosis symptoms.

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EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE REMOVAL

ΑΦΑΙΡΕΣΗ ΕΠΙΩΧΡΙΚΗΣ ΜΕΜΒΡΑΝΗΣ

ΑΦΑΙΡΕΣΗ ΣΙΛΙΚΟΝΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΩΧΡΙΚΗΣ ΜΕΜΒΡΑΝΗΣ 

VI. DIABETIC RETIREMENT DISEASE

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness. It occurs in diabetic patients and is caused by lesions of the retinal vessels.
These vessels in diabetic patients may show small hemorrhages, micro-obstructions resulting in ischemia, and at an advanced stage abnormal new vessels may develop on the surface of the retina. These new blood vessels can cause bleeding inside the eye while in a more advanced form of the disease they can lead to retinal detachment and irreversible loss of vision.
The most common type of diabetic retinopathy is subcutaneous retinopathy, which is characterized by microaneurysms, small hemorrhages, soft exudates, hard exudates, and small areas of capillary obstruction while maintaining normal visual acuity.

Symptoms

  • Gradual reduction of vision
  • Myopia
  • Acute vision loss

Diagnosis:

  • Examination of the lamp
  • Angleoscopy (if neovascular glaucoma is suspected)
  • Angiography with fluorescein

Treatment:

  • Focal Laser Treatment
  • Pan-retinal photocoagulation
  • Anti-VEGF injections
  • Glass resection for the treatment of vitreous hemorrhages and attractive retinal detachments.

Monitoring:

An annual fundus examination should be performed on all diabetic patients. In the case of mild diabetic retinopathy, a review is recommended every 6 months to monitor the progression of the disease, while in severe forms every 2-3 months.

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ΑΦΑΙΡΕΣΗ ΑΙΜΟΡΡΑΓΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΩΧΡΙΚΗΣ ΜΕΜΒΡΑΝΗΣ

ΥΑΛΟΕΙΔΕΚΤΟΜΗ ΓΙΑ ΑΙΜΟΡΡΑΓΙΑ ΥΑΛΟΕΙΔΟΥΣ 

 

VII. CENTRAL serous choroidal amphibian thyroid disease

Central serous choroidal retinopathy affects the macula and is more common in patients aged 20 to 40 years, in a male to female ratio of 8: 1. The etiology is unknown and stressors are usually blamed.

The onset of the disease is sudden and patients may experience metamorphosis, blurred vision and central kills. The condition usually resolves within a few months and recovery can be accelerated with Laser photocoagulation.

 

VIII. HYPERTENSION HYPERTENSION

Systemic hypertension causes disturbances in the circulation of the choroid, retina and optic nipple and the severity of these disorders depends on the speed of onset, the duration of the hypertension and the age of the patient.

 

IX. VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE RETIREMENT

A. Retinal artery obstruction

B. Retinal vein occlusion

   

A. Retinal artery obstruction

Symptoms:

Acute, severe, painless vision loss

Cause:

Embolism is a common cause of retinal obstruction.

Vascular occlusion which may be due to: I. Atherosclerosis II. Periarteritis III. Hematological disorders IV. Migraine

A.1 Central retinal artery occlusion.

Central retinal artery obstruction is usually the result of atherosclerosis, and may also be due to calcified pistons. It manifests suddenly with a significant reduction in vision.

A.2 Occlusion of the retinal artery branch.

Retinal artery blockage is usually due to pistons. Occurs with a sudden loss of part of the visual field.

Treatment:

Immediate (within a few hours) treatment is required, which can save a significant percentage of visual function.

B. Retinal vein occlusion

B.1 Occlusion of the retinal vein branch

Symptoms:

I. Reduced vision

II. Loss of part of the visual field

B.2 Central retinal vein occlusion

Symptoms:

I. Loss of vision

II. In case of complications ocular pain and myopia can be observed.

Treatment:

  • Intravitreal injections with Anti-VEGF agents or corticosteroids
  • Laser photocoagulation in cases of macular edema or neovascular complications.